Applying Sanitary Products For Australia s Economic System

My name is Sofian Miu and I am writing to you as a Queenslander and, I specifically, a woman who menstruates every month. As an abiding citizen I have paid my tax in order for Australia’s economic system to thrive. However, should my choice as a woman of being sanitary really be taxed and labelled as a â€Å"luxury†? The government may tax anything materialistic in my possession, but the government cannot tax my body. Periods are no luxury. No woman asked for a period. Women cannot choose to menstruate. Despite this, a whole heap of disadvantages have been created for those who do. By not using sanitary products, it can lead to a number of health risks; jeopardise maintaining a normal, professional or personal life; and result in public ridicule. However, it is apparent that the Australian Government disregards this and continues to tax a necessity while at the same time, not taxing condoms, sunscreen and lubricants (Gleeson, 2016). This issue is a worldwide problem that needs to be changed. In Queensland and elsewhere, the topic of taxation and sanitary products have caused an outroar amongst the female population causing much media attention and public debate; with previous reforms having been proposed by the former Treasurer, Joe Hockey (BBC News, 2015). However, said proposals have failed to be implemented and enacted. By using sanitary products, our Government capitalises on misogynist discourse and period shame that has caused us to fear our own menstrual cycles.Show MoreRelated The Impact of Morality, Religion, and Law Upon Advertising Essay examples5091 Words   |  21 PagesThe Impact of Morality, Religion, and Law Upon Advertising Religion and other value systems are certainly crucial in defining and sanctioning sex and decency. Moslem countries tend to frown upon all kinds of salacious displays and even indirect sexual references. Similar Christian standards operate in such countries as Ireland, South Africa, Mexico, and the Philippines. Other cultures may be considered rather tolerant in sexual matters (for example, French commercials on public television readilyRead MoreHaagen Dazs Case Study13645 Words   |  55 Pages..8 1. STRENGTHS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 2. WEAKNESSES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 3. OPPORTUNITIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 4. THREATS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 V.MARKETING MIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦19 1. PRODUCT†¦........................................................................................19 2. PRICE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.23 3. PLACE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦25 4. PROMOTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...30 VI. 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Essay on The Death Penalty - 821 Words

Imagine that someone you love or someone very close to you is a victim of a very serious crime, a crime so serious that the person who committed it is now sitting on death row with limited time left to live. How do you think you would feel? Would you be thinking that they deserved to die? Or would you be hoping that evidence would come to light to show them innocent or, even though the crime was horrific would you think they don’t deserve to be punished by death? Would you want to watch the person die at the hands of the law to ensure justice has been served or would you rather they spend the rest of their life in prison as punishment? When violent crime affects you personally it can make the death penalty look like a good option. The†¦show more content†¦Although some inmates actually try to get on death row because death row prisoners have better conditions in prison such as more phone privileges, allowed more personal property inside their cells and 6 cubic feet of snacks and entertainment devices for each prisoner. â€Å"It’s not that he thinks conditions will be better, they are better.† [When] said an attorney for a prisoner convicted of murder who has requested death row for his prison sentence. If we kept the death sentence it would prevent overpopulation in the prisons and allow more room for minor criminals. One of the concerns people have with the death penalty is the scenario when some innocent person is put to death because of lack of evidence. Now that we have DNA testing and other modern crime scene science it can eliminate almost all uncertainty as to a person’s guilt or innocence. Another reason people want to eliminate the death penalty is the cost. It does, in fact, cost more of taxpayers’ money to execute someone than to keep them in prison for a life term. â€Å"In New Jersey, a commission found that using the alternative sentence of life without parole would save the state $1.3 million per inmat e.† [What’s] Even juries have backed off imposing the death sentence on criminals â€Å"in 1996, 57% of all death penalty trials ended withShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MorePro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyeing or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailedRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penalty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead More The Death Penalty Is Archaic and Immoral Essays559 Words   |  3 Pages The death penalty is simply a modernized version of the Holy Bible’s â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot†. Some argue that death is a necessary retribution for murderous cases - but is it effective morally? Revenge only glorifies violence, which is most definitely not the message the world strives to display. The death penalty is a negative form of punishment and insinuates a harsh reflection of society economically, politically, and socially. Read MoreThe Death Penalty : Land Of The Brave, Free, And Murder1065 Words   |  5 PagesJulianna Lorey Professor Jackyra English Comp II 18 March 2016 The Death Penalty: Land of the Brave, Free, and Murder Capital punishment has been in the United States long before the country was formed. Influenced by Great Britain in the 17th century, settlers brought over the idea of government sanctioned murder, and even now, over 400 years later, the majority of the United States is still in favour. With thirty one states currently practicing or allowing the law to remain on the books, the message

Meanin of Life Free Essays

Eric Boggs 10/29/2012 Martin Philosophy The meaning of life has been debated among many people throughout history. Different theories have been used to try and explain what our purpose is in this life. I’ve always heard from my parents that life is too short for regrets, and that there will be good and bad days. We will write a custom essay sample on Meanin of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now However what is it that people strive for in life? In reality there is no right answer to this simple question. Some people strive for living life in the moment which philosopher Baggini can agree with. Others see religion as an important way to lead their life’s as Pojman could agree with. Some like Camus believe its â€Å"humanly impossible† to find the meaning of life. Ultimately people must find it in themselves as to their purpose in this life. Julian Baggini speaks of our purpose in this life that is more appealing than Camus or Pojman. Baggini has a teleological view on life meaning our purpose is looking forward to future goals and objectives. However Baggini doesn’t mean that our purpose is to succeed presently avoiding personal happiness to achieve a better future. An example he mentions is when people say â€Å" I can die happy now† because a lifetime fulfillment has been achieved. What is the purpose of life after achieving a lifelong goal, and in reality Baggini essentially says â€Å"Why not†. There is nothing to live for and the feeling of emptiness settles in as nothing will satisfy that lifelong achievement. Baginni says â€Å" the person who sacrifices too much enjoyment of life to serve the purpose of future wealth and security is thus making the mistake of overestimating the extent to which is future life will be better than the one he could have now†. Most people strive for a rich and fashionable lifestyle, but at what cost is someone willing to make for it. Baggini says what about this rich lifestyle is different than a person who doesn’t have these luxuries. Just because someone has a lot of material happiness doesn’t mean that person is happier. In my view I believe Baggini has the closet view on the meaning of life because living life for a nice future while taking advantages of life’s luxuries presently is a meaningful way to live. Personally I’m not a deeply religious person, but I do know people who value religion and incorporate their views in their daily actions. Pojman argues that religion specifically theistic religion gives meaning to life. Pojman begins by defining what it means to be free and autonomous; he refers being autonomous as being â€Å"self-governed† or freedom to make your own choices. Pojman points out autonomy is good if it serves a purpose. Whether it is doing good or bad it still serves a purpose towards life. Pojman pointed out to key points an atheist women had mentioned to him in the past. One being it is more important to be free than autonomous, and the second point being â€Å"Religion provides a grand meaning or purpose to live, but it does not allow humans to be free or autonomous† according to the atheist women. Pojman argues freedom can’t be understood apart from the notion of purposiveness. Pojman states in order to be â€Å"free† one has to† Act A, when you want to, in order to reach some goal G†. However Pojman looked into the bigger picture as to what this atheist woman was stating. Pojman essentially contradicts her statement with reasoning. Pojman says freedom and autonomy are often distant from each other, but in theism it is bound together. Pojman way of defining the purpose of life wasn’t as appealing to me as Baggini. Religion does play a role in aspects of people’s lives just not enough in my opinion for it to matter. Camus had different views from Pojman and Baggini because he believed life was absurd and meaningless. Suicide was a prominent idea that Camus commonly spoke of. Camus states that suicide was implying you were confessing that â€Å"its not worth the trouble†. He used an example of a man who killed himself five years after his daughter had passed away. The man simply was to emotionally instable to return to his normal behaviors. Camus had also mentioned absurdity which he defined a split in a man and his overall life. Camus explained that daily routine like working several hours a week and doing the same thing everyday will eventually come to a halt. The question is why? Why do eventually want things to change after having a stable routine life. Camus says this is weariness which possibly leads to the idea of suicide. If something abruptly changes such as death there are two options he implies. One being able to recover what is lost, or the other is suicide. He uses the example of Sisyphus which is a god that was condemned to the underworld. Sisyphus pushes a huge stone to the top of this mountain only to roll back to the bottom to do the process from start. Camus implies that this is a usual aspect in people’s lives where being stable and having a routine is sustaining until it collapses. I feel Camus implies what is the point of living such a life if it’s inevitable that tragedy will likely occur. I’ve had friends commit suicide and I’ve have often wondered if there was anything I could have done about. In reality I looked at it from Camus point of view as it provided them a way out and essentially tell me life is not worth living. There in so plan that says how one should live, but merely a reason to find a way to live. Baggini viewed life mostly in the moment as long as happiness and future endeavors were balanced. Pojman had the idea that religion played an important role in one’s life while Camus thought in the end suicide seemed to be the right choice if life became too difficult. Baggini in my opinion had the closet way in interpreting the purpose of life. Baggini explains that happiness in the present with balanced goals in the future should be a way someone should live. I certainly don’t want to wait ten years to live a rich lifestyle while family and friends slip away. Life is what one makes it, but the key is finding out what purpose do people find it. How to cite Meanin of Life, Papers

Frederick Chopin Essay Example For Students

Frederick Chopin Essay The 1830s have been called the decade of the piano because duringthat period the piano and the music written for it played a dominant role inEuropean musical culture. The piano had, of course, already been popular formore than half a century, but by the third decade of the nineteenth century,changes in the instrument and its audience transformed the pianos role inmusical life. As the Industrial Revolution hit its stride, piano manufacturersdeveloped methods for building many more pianos than had previously beenfeasible, and at lower cost. Pianos ceased to be the exclusive province of thewealthy; an expanding middle class could also aspire to own them and make musicat home. Thousands of amateur pianists began to take lessons, buy printed music,and attend concerts. Virtuosos like Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Sigismund Thalberg,and Franz Liszt became the first musical superstars, touring Europe andastonishing audiences with music they had composed to display their pianotechnique. Frederick Ch opin was born in a small village named Zelazowa Wolalocated in Poland on March 1st, 1810. His passionate love of music showed itselfat an early age. There are stories, for instance, of how when his mother andsister played dances on their grand piano he would burst into tears for thesheer beauty of the sounds he heard. Soon he began to explore the keyboard forhimself and delighted in experimenting. By the age of seven he had becomesufficiently good for his parents to try and find him a teacher. Their choicefell on Adalbert Zywny, a Bohemian composer then aged sixty-one and nowremembered solely as Chopins first teacher. Within a few months of beginninghis studies with Zywny, Chopin began to play in public, and by the end of 1817,at the age of seven, had already been described by many as ?Mozartssuccessor. Chopin began to compose around this time, and continued to do sothroughout his student years, but only a handful of these works were printed. Inthe autumn of 1826, Chopin began study ing the theory of music, figured bass, andcomposition at the Warsaw High School of Music. Its head was the composer J?zefElsner. Chopin, however, did not attend the piano class. Aware of theexceptional nature of Chopins talent, Elsner allowed him, in accordance withhis personality and temperament, to concentrate on piano music but was unbendingas regards theoretical subjects, in particular counterpoint. Chopin, endowed bynature with magnificent melodic invention, ease of free improvisation, and aninclination towards brilliant effects and perfect harmony, gained in Elsnersschool a solid grounding, discipline, and precision of construction, as well asan understanding of the meaning and logic of each note. This was the period ofthe first extended works such as the Sonata in C minor, Variations, on a themefrom Don Juan by Mozart, the Rondo ? la Krakowiak, the Fantaisie, and the Trioin G minor. Chopin ended his education at the High School in 1829, and after thethird year of his studies Elsner wrote in a report: Chopin, Fryderyk,third year student, amazing talent, musical genius. After completing hisstudies, Chopin planned a longer stay abroad to become acquainted with themusical life of Europe and to win fame. Up to then, he had never left Poland,with the exception of two brief stays in Prussia. In 1826, he had spent aholiday in Bad Reinertz (modern day Duszniki-Zdr?j) in Lower Silesia, and twoyears later he had accompanied his fathers friend, Professor Feliks Jarocki, onhis journey to Berlin to attend a congress of naturalists. Here, quite unknownto the Prussian public, he concentrated on observing the local musical scene. Now he pursued bolder plans. In July 1829 he made a short excursion to Vienna inthe company of his acquaintances. Wilhelm W?rfel, who had been staying therefor three years, introduced him to the musical environment, and enabled Chopinto give two performances in the K?rtnertortheater. He enjoyed his tremendoussuccess with the public, and although the critics censured his performance forits small volume of sound, they acclaimed him as a genius of the piano andpraised his compositions. Consequently, the Viennese publisher Tobias Haslingerprinted the Variations on a theme from Mozart (1830), a piece he performed atthe K?rtnertortheater. This was the first publication of a Chopin compositionabroad, for up to then, his works had only been published in Warsaw. Upon hisreturn to Warsaw, Chopin, already free from student duties, devoted himself tocomposition and wrote, among other pieces, two Concertos for piano andorchestra: in F minor and E minor. The first concerto was inspired to aconside rable extent by the composers feelings towards Konstancja Gladkowska,who studied singing at the Conservatory. This was also the period of the firstnocturne, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, and songs to words by Stefan Witwicki. Homemade Education EssayOn 17 October 1849, Chopin died of pulmonary tuberculosis in his Parisian flatin the Place Vend?me. He was buried in the P?re-Lachaise cemetery in Paris. Inaccordance with his will, however, his sister brought his heart, taken from hisbody after death, to Warsaw where it was placed in an urn installed in a pillarof the Holy Cross church in Krakowskie Przedmiscie. Chopin published 159 worksdistributed among sixty-five opus numbers, but he also composed more thanseventy other works that he chose not to publish. In some cases, he may havedecided that the music was not up to his standards or that it needed furtherrevision. Other works had been presented as personal gifts to close friends, andChopin may have considered it inappropriate to publish them. On his deathbed, hehad asked that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed, but that wish wasnot honored, and in 1853 his mother and sisters asked Julian Fontana, Chopinsfriend and amanuensis, to select from am ong them works that he considered worthyand edit them for publication. He selected twenty-three piano pieces, which hegrouped into eight opus numbers (66-73). Chopins music, no matter what thesetting, is instantly recognizable. His unique sense of lyricism andunparalleled melodic genius produced some of the most purely beautiful musicever written; music which would influence many composers who followed, fromBrahms to Debussy. He was a revolutionary light in Romantic music, the ultimatecraftsman of whimsical melody and heart-rending harmony. In the structure andform of his compositions, he is quite alone; his sense of balance andarchitecture in music was not particularly related to the Classical or buddingRomantic tradition, but seemed to spring from some unknown well-source. Theoverwhelming power and influence of his musical legacy is forever assured. BibliographyThe Unofficial Frederic Chopin Homepage.. March 2000. ? Chopin Foundation of the United States, Inc. Fryderyk Chopin? A Chronological Biography.. March 2000. ? Leszczynski, Krzysztof. Frederic Chopin:Life?Works?Tradition.. November 1999. ? Orga, Ates. Chopin: His Life and Times. Tunbridge Wells:Midas Books, 1976. ? Pourtal?s, Guy De. Polonaise: The Life of Chopin. NewYork: Henry Holt and Company, 1927. ? Szulc, Tad. Chopin in Paris: The Life andTimes of the Romantic Composer. New York: Scribner, 1989.